NCERT Solutions class 10 sst
Understanding Economic development
chapter 2
SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
1. Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
(i) Employment in the service sector _________ increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)
Answer- Employment in the service sector has not increased to the same extent as production.
(ii) Workers in the _________ sector do not produce goods.
(tertiary / agricultural)
Answer- Workers in the tertiary sector do not produce goods.
(iii) Most of the workers in the _________ sector enjoy job security.(organised / unorganised)
Answer- Most of the workers in the organised sector enjoy job security.
(iv) A _________ proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small)
Answer- A large proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector.
(v) Cotton is a _________ product and cloth is a _________ product. [natural /manufactured]
Answer- Cotton is a natural product and cloth is a manufactured product.
(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are_________ [independent / interdependent]
Answer- The activities in primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors are interdependent.
2. Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:
(i) employment conditions
(ii) the nature of economic activity
(iii) ownership of enterprises
(iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise
Answer- (iii) ownership of enterprises
(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in _________ sector.
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology
Answer- (i) primary
(c) GDP is the total value of _________ produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer- (ii) all final goods and services
(d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 is between_________ per cent.
(i) 20 to 30
(ii) 30 to 40
(iii) 50 to 60
(iv) 60 to 70
Answer- (iv) 60 to 70
3. Match the following:
| Problems faced by farming sector | Some possible measures |
| 1. Unirrigated land | (a) Setting up agro-based mills |
| 2. Low prices for crops | (b) Cooperative marketing societies |
| 3. Debt burden | (c) Procurement of food grains by government |
| 4. No job in the off season | (d) Construction of canals by the government |
| 5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest | (e) Banks to provide credit with low interest |
Answer- 1. Unirrigated land - (d) Construction of canals by the government
2. Low prices for crops - (b) Cooperative marketing societies
3. Debt burden - (e) Banks to provide credit with low interest
4. No job in the off season - (a) Setting up agro-based mills
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest - (c) Procurement of food grains by government
4. Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
Answer- potter
Reason: A potter is involved in the production of goods (pottery), while the other professions listed (tourist guide, dhobi, tailor) are service-oriented occupations, providing services rather than manufacturing tangible goods.
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
Answer- vegetable vendor.
Reason: Among the professions listed (teacher, doctor, lawyer), which are service-oriented occupations, the vegetable vendor stands out as the only one involved in the sale of goods (vegetables) rather than providing professional services.
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
Answer- cobbler
Reason: Postman, soldier, and police constable are all occupations related to public service or law enforcement, while a cobbler is involved in a different line of work, namely repairing shoes.
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio
Answer- All India Radio as it's the only organization listed here that does not belong to the transportation sector.
5. A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following.
| Place of work | Nature of employment | Percentage of working people |
| In offices and factories registered
with the government | Organised | 15 |
| Own shops, office, clinics in
marketplaces with formal license |
| 15 |
| People working on the street,
construction workers, domestic workers |
| 20 |
| Working in small workshops
usually not registered with the government |
|
|
Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?
Answer- Percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in Surat: 55%
6. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
Answer- The classification of economic activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors is valuable as it helps understand the economy's structure, track production and employment trends, and formulate targeted policies for development. By categorizing activities based on their nature, policymakers can identify shifts in focus and allocate resources effectively, ensuring sustained economic growth and addressing emerging challenges.
7. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer- Employment and GDP are crucial metrics for assessing the health and performance of each sector. Employment indicates workforce participation and income generation, while GDP reflects the sector's contribution to overall economic output. However, other issues like income inequality, environmental sustainability, and social welfare also warrant attention. Examining factors such as working conditions, resource utilization, and sectoral diversification provides a comprehensive understanding of economic development.
8. Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.
Answer- Occupations are classified based on the type of economic activity involved in each sector. The primary sector involves the extraction and production of raw materials, the secondary sector involves manufacturing and processing, and the tertiary sector involves providing services. This classification helps understand the diverse nature of work and its contribution to the economy's overall structure and development.
Primary Sector: Farmers, Fishermen, Forestry workers, Miners, Hunters, Loggers, Quarry workersSecondary Sector: Factory workers, Craftsmen (carpenters, blacksmiths, etc.), Construction workers, Machinists, Tailors, Welders, MechanicsTertiary Sector: Teachers, Doctors, Lawyers, Accountants, Engineers, Retail workers, Bankers, Waiters/Waitresses, Plumbers, Electricians
9. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer- The tertiary sector, distinct from the primary and secondary sectors, focuses on providing services rather than producing goods. Examples include healthcare, education, banking, transportation, and entertainment. Unlike the primary sector, which involves resource extraction, and the secondary sector, which entails manufacturing, the tertiary sector offers intangible services crucial for enhancing productivity and quality of life.
10. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer- Disguised unemployment refers to a situation where individuals appear to be employed but are actually contributing little or nothing to the overall productivity. In urban areas, an example could be a crowded family-run retail shop where multiple family members work despite the shop not needing their full labour input. In rural areas, it could involve excessive labour in agricultural activities that could be done by fewer people without affecting productivity.
11. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer- Open unemployment refers to a situation where individuals are actively seeking employment but are unable to find jobs. Disguised unemployment, on the other hand, occurs when individuals are employed but their contribution to productivity is minimal or redundant. In open unemployment, there is a lack of available jobs, whereas in disguised unemployment, existing jobs are not fully utilized.
12. “Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer- No, I don't agree with the statement that the tertiary sector isn't significant in India's economic development. The tertiary sector, comprising services like banking, education, healthcare, tourism, and IT, contributes significantly to GDP and employment. Its growth reflects economic diversification and meets the evolving needs of society. Moreover, services like IT and finance drive innovation and competitiveness, crucial for economic progress.
13. Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer- The service sector in India employs two main categories of people: formal employees and informal workers. Formal employees work in organized settings such as corporations, government agencies, and institutions, receiving regular wages or salaries, along with benefits like healthcare and retirement plans. Informal workers, on the other hand, operate in unregulated environments, often without legal protections or social benefits, including street vendors, domestic workers, and small-scale entrepreneurs.
14. Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view?Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer- Yes, I agree. The unorganized sector often exploits workers due to inadequate legal protections, low wages, unsafe working conditions, and lack of job security. Absence of minimum wage laws and safety regulations exacerbates exploitation. Workers lack bargaining power, leading to precarious employment. These factors highlight systemic issues requiring comprehensive labour reforms to ensure fair treatment and protection of workers.
15. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Answer- Activities in the economy are classified based on employment conditions into two sectors: organized and unorganized. The organized sector comprises enterprises that adhere to labour laws, provide job security, benefits, and follow formal employment contracts. In contrast, the unorganized sector includes informal jobs lacking legal protections, job security, benefits, and often characterized by low wages and poor working conditions.
16. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
Answer- In the organized sector, workers enjoy better employment conditions such as job security, regulated working hours, benefits like provident fund, medical insurance, and paid leave. Employers adhere to labour laws and provide formal employment contracts. Conversely, the unorganized sector lacks such protections. Workers often face precarious employment, low wages, long working hours, minimal benefits, and inadequate safety standards. They lack legal protections and are vulnerable to exploitation by employers.
17. Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer- The objective of implementing the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005 is to provide livelihood security to rural households by guaranteeing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. It aims to enhance social protection by ensuring economic security, reducing distress migration, and addressing seasonal unemployment in rural areas.
18. Using examples from your area compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.
Answer- In my area, the private sector encompasses businesses like local restaurants, retail stores, and private schools. These entities operate for profit and are owned and managed by individuals or private corporations. They focus on meeting consumer demands and maximizing profitability.
On the other hand, the public sector includes government-run institutions like public schools, hospitals, and municipal services such as waste management and public transportation. These services are funded and managed by the government, aiming to provide essential services to citizens regardless of their ability to pay.
While both sectors aim to serve the public, they differ in their ownership, management, and objectives. Private sector entities prioritize profit generation and efficiency to remain competitive, while public sector institutions focus on providing equitable access to essential services and infrastructure, often with a broader social mission.
19. Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area ?
| Well managed organisation | Badly managed organisation |
| Public sector |
|
|
| Private Sector |
|
|
Answer-
| Well managed organisation | Badly managed organisation |
| Public sector | Public hospital with modern facilities and efficient management | Public transportation system with frequent breakdowns and poor maintenance |
| Private Sector | Well-regarded private university with quality education and resources | Small-scale private factory with frequent labour disputes and low-quality products |
20. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Answer- Examples of Public Sector Activities:
Public Education: Government-funded schools and universities ensure equitable access to education for all citizens.
Public Healthcare: Government hospitals and clinics provide affordable healthcare services to the population.
Infrastructure Development: Public transportation systems, roads, bridges, and utilities are built and maintained by the government to support economic activities.
Law Enforcement: Police services ensure public safety and maintain law and order in society.
Social Welfare Programs: Government-run schemes such as unemployment benefits, social security, and food assistance aim to alleviate poverty and provide support to vulnerable populations
Reasons for Government Involvement: The government undertakes these activities to ensure equal access to essential services, address market failures, promote social welfare, and safeguard public interests.
21. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer-
22. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues : wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer-
23. A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs 60,000 million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?
Answer-
24. The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:
| Year 38,68,000 | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary |
| 2000 | 52,000 | 48,500 | 1,33,500 |
| 2013 | 8,00,500 | 10,74,000 |
|
(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013.
(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter.
(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?
Answer-
### 20.
### 21. Contribution of Public Sector to Economic Development:
- **Infrastructure Development:** Public sector investments in infrastructure like roads, bridges, and ports facilitate economic activities and enhance productivity.
- **Education and Healthcare:** Public education and healthcare systems create a skilled workforce and a healthy population, contributing to increased productivity and economic growth.
- **Employment Generation:** Public sector employment opportunities provide stable jobs and income to a significant portion of the population, stimulating overall economic activity.
- **Regulation and Stability:** Public sector regulations and policies ensure fair competition, consumer protection, and financial stability, fostering a conducive environment for business growth and investment.
### 22. Protection Needed for Workers in the Unorganised Sector:
- **Wages:** Many workers in the unorganised sector receive low wages or face irregular payment. Implementing minimum wage laws and ensuring timely payment can protect their income.
- **Safety:** Unorganised sector workers often lack proper safety measures, leading to accidents and health hazards. Enforcing safety standards and providing training can mitigate these risks.
- **Healthcare:** Access to healthcare services is limited for unorganised sector workers. Establishing health insurance schemes and affordable clinics can address their healthcare needs.
### 23. Employment Data for Ahmedabad (1997-1998):
| Sector | Number of Workers | Income Generated (in Rs million) |
|---------------- -|------------------- |----------------------------------- |
| Organised | 4,00,000 | 32,000 |
| Unorganised | 11,00,000 | - |
| Total | 15,00,000 | 60,000 |
**Ways to Generate More Employment:**
1. **Promoting Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs):** Encouraging entrepreneurship and providing support to SMEs can create more job opportunities in the city.
2. **Skill Development Programs:** Investing in vocational training and skill development programs can enhance employability and fill skill gaps in various sectors.
3. **Infrastructure Projects:** Undertaking infrastructure projects like construction of roads, bridges, and public facilities can create jobs directly and stimulate economic growth.
4. **Labour Market Reforms:** Implementing policies to formalize the informal sector, provide social security benefits, and protect workers' rights can improve working conditions and encourage formal employment.
24. (i) Calculation of Sector Shares in GDP:
For the year 2000:52,000+48,500+1,33,50052,00052,000+48,500+1,33,50048,500 52,000+48,500+1,33,5001,33,500 For the year 2013:8,00,500+10,74,000+38,68,0008,00,500 8,00,500+10,74,000+38,68,00010,74,000 8,00,500+10,74,000+38,68,00038,68,000 3.
1. Over the years, there has been a significant shift in the composition of
GDP towards the tertiary sector, indicating the growing importance of
services in the economy.
2. The primary sector's share has decreased notably, suggesting
a decline in agricultural and extractive activities relative to other sectors.
3. While the secondary sector's share has also increased,
it remains smaller than the tertiary sector, indicating a lesser contribution
to GDP compared to services.
4. The tertiary sector has experienced substantial growthreflecting the economy's transition towards service-oriented activities,
such as finance, trade, and hospitality.
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